Mu gihe isi imaze imyaka irenga 40 ihanganye n’icyorezo cya Virusi Itera SIDA (VIH), ubuvumbuzi bushya bwatangiriye mu Rwanda butanga icyizere gishya mu kurwanya iyi ndwara imaze guhitana imbaga. Igerageza rya mbere ku rukingo rwa SIDA ryakorewe ku buryo bwimbitse mu Rwanda, ryatangaje abashakashatsi kubera uko ryitwaye neza mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’igerageza. Ibi byagaragaje ko habaho amahirwe mashya y’ugukingira abantu Virusi itera SIDA.
Inkomoko y’igerageza mu Rwanda
Igerageza ryatangiye muri 2023, rikorerwa ku bufatanye bwa Minisiteri y’Ubuzima y’u Rwanda (MINISANTE), Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ubuzima (RBC), hamwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga nka IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) na Johnson & Johnson. Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bike muri Afurika byahawe icyizere cyo gukora igerageza ry’urukingo rwa VIH ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Dr. Aimable Mbituyumuremyi, umuyobozi w’ishami rishinzwe kurwanya SIDA muri RBC, yatangaje ko guhitamo u Rwanda byaturutse ku kuba rufite inzego z’ubuvuzi zizewe, ubushobozi buhanitse mu gucunga no gukurikirana ubushakashatsi, ndetse n’ubwitabire bwiza bw’abaturage mu bikorwa byo kwipimisha no kwirinda SIDA.
“U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bifite igipimo kiri hasi cy’ubwandu bushya bwa VIH, ariko dufite icyerekezo cyo kuyirandura burundu. Ibi bikorwa bigamije gutanga umusanzu wacu mu gushaka igisubizo kirambye,” Dr. Mbituyumuremyi yabwiye itangazamakuru.
Uko igerageza ryakozwe
Igerageza ryakorewe mu bitaro by’indashyikirwa bya Kigali (CHUK) n’ibitaro byitiriwe ibwami bya King Faisal Hospital, rishingiye ku gutanga urukingo rw’ikigereranyo ku bantu bataranduye VIH ariko bafite ibyago byinshi byo kuyandura. Urukingo rwakoreshejwe rwakozwe hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga rya mRNA, rizwi cyane mu gukorwamo inkingo za COVID-19.
Abagera kuri 150 bitabiriye igerageza ku bushake bwabo, bakurikiranwa igihe cy’amezi 12. Bapimwaga inshuro nyinshi kugira ngo harebwe niba urukingo rutera ubwirinzi bw’umubiri bwihariye, ndetse n’icyo rutwara ku buzima bw’umuntu. Ibyavuye mu cyiciro cya mbere byagaragaje ko nta ngaruka zikomeye abaritabiriye bagize, ndetse imibiri yabo yatangiye gukora za poroteyine zifasha mu kwirinda VIH.
Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi
Ubushakashatsi bwatangajwe n’IAVI muri Mata 2025 bugaragaza ko urwo rukingo rwatumye hejuru ya 90% by’abaritabiriye igerageza batangira kugaragaza ubwirinzi (antibody) bushobora guhangana na VIH. Ibyo byatangaje abashakashatsi kuko mu mateka y’igerageza ku rukingo rwa SIDA, kubona ubwirinzi bw’iyo ntera byari bikiri inzozi.
Dr. Agnes Binagwaho, impuguke mu buzima akaba n’umwarimu muri Kaminuza ya Global Health Equity, yavuze ko iri gerageza rifite igisobanuro gikomeye ku rwego rw’isi.
“Niba igerageza rya mbere ryaragaragaje umutekano n’ubushobozi bwo gutangiza ubwirinzi, hari icyizere gikomeye ko mu bihe biri imbere tuzabona urukingo rutanga uburinzi ku bantu benshi,” Dr. Binagwaho yatangaje.
U Rwanda rwashimwe ku ruhare rwarwo
U Rwanda rwashimiwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga kuba rwarafunguye amarembo ku bushakashatsi bukomeye nk’ubu. Dr. Mark Feinberg, umuyobozi mukuru wa IAVI, yavuze ko ubushake bwa Leta y’u Rwanda bwagaragaje ko Afurika ifite ubushobozi bwo kuba isoko y’ubumenyi n’iterambere ry’ubuvuzi.
“U Rwanda rwatweretse ko ubushakashatsi bwizewe bushoboka muri Afurika. Ubufatanye n’abaturage, gucunga neza amakuru y’abitabiriye igerageza, n’ubunyamwuga bw’abaganga byabaye intangarugero,” Feinberg yatangaje.
Impamvu SIDA ikiri ikibazo ku isi
Kugeza ubu, SIDA ni imwe mu ndwara zitandura zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bantu. Imibare ya UNAIDS igaragaza ko mu mwaka wa 2023, abantu barenga miliyoni 39 ku isi babanaga na VIH, muri bo miliyoni 1.3 ari bo bashya banduye. Nubwo imiti igabanya ubukana bw’iyi virusi (ARVs) iboneka henshi, gukingira biracyari intambwe itaragerwaho.
Kuba haboneka urukingo byafasha cyane mu kugabanya umubare w’abandura, cyane cyane mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere aho serivisi zo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza zitaragera kuri bose.
Icyizere ku bantu bari mu kaga gakomeye
Abantu bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura VIH – nk’abakorera mu buraya, abahuza igitsina bahuje ibitsina (LGBTQ), n’abafite abo bashakanye banduye ariko bo batanduye – bifuza ko urukingo rwabageraho vuba. Umwe mu bitabiriye igerageza, utifuje ko amazina ye atangazwa, yagize ati:
“Nifuzaga kugira uruhare mu guhindura amateka. Ntabwo ari njye uzarinda isi, ariko ndashaka kuzabwira abana bacu ko hari intambwe twateye.”
Ibyiciro bikurikira by’igerageza
Nyuma y’igerageza rya mbere ryagaragaje umutekano n’ubushobozi bwo gutera ubwirinzi, hategerejwe ko hatangira igerageza ry’icyiciro cya kabiri (Phase II) rizaba ririmo abantu benshi, barenga 2000, rikorerwa mu bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika no ku yindi migabane.
Icyo cyiciro kizajya cyigereranya uko ubwirinzi bw’umubiri bwarushijeho kwiyongera nyuma yo gukingirwa inshuro nyinshi, ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura mu buryo bugaragara. Aha niho hazamenyekana niba koko urukingo rushobora kwemerwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga.
Inzitizi zishobora kuboneka
Nubwo icyizere ari cyinshi, hari inzitizi zishobora gukoma mu nkokora itangwa ry’urukingo. Muri zo twavuga:
- Ibura ry’amikoro: Gutunganya urukingo ku bwinshi bisaba inganda, amafaranga, n’ubufatanye bwa politiki bukomeye.
- Ubwoko bwa virusi: VIH ifite ubwoko bwinshi (subtypes) kandi ihindagurika cyane, bigatuma igora gukingirwa nk’uko bimeze kuri COVID-19.
- Guhangana n’imyumvire: Hari abaturage batinya inkingo kubera amakuru atari yo cyangwa imyumvire ya gikirisitu ivuga ko “urukingo ari urw’icyaha”, ibyo nabyo bishobora gutinza gahunda yo gukingira.
Icyo abahanga basaba
Abahanga basaba ko hakomeza gukorwa ubukangurambaga bwagutse bwo kwigisha abaturage, cyane cyane urubyiruko, ibyiza byo gukingirwa. Banashimangira ko nubwo urukingo rwabonetse, ntirwavanaho icyorezo mu kanya gato. Gusuzuma, gufata imiti neza, no kwirinda birakomeza kuba ingenzi.
Umwanzuro: Intambwe ikomeye mu mateka
Igerageza ry’urukingo rwa SIDA ryakorewe mu Rwanda ni intambwe ikomeye mu rugendo rw’isi yo kurwanya icyorezo cya SIDA. Nubwo urugendo rukiri rurerure, icyizere ni cyinshi. Kuba u Rwanda rwarabaye ku isonga mu kugerageza urukingo rufite icyizere cyo gukingira VIH biragaragaza ko Afurika ifite uruhare runini mu kuvumbura ibisubizo by’ubuzima.
Uyu mushinga utanga icyizere ko mu myaka mike iri imbere, isi izaba ifite urukingo rwizewe rwa SIDA – icyo abahanga bise “inkingi ya nyuma” mu kurandura iyi ndwara burundu.
