Mu gihe isi ikomeje kugerageza kwisuganya mu bijyanye n’ubukungu nyuma y’ingaruka z’icyorezo cya COVID-19 ndetse n’intambara zitandukanye ku isi, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika—zizwi nk’ubukungu bwa mbere ku isi—zaranzwe n’ihungabana ritunguranye ry’ubukungu mu mezi make ashize. Iri hungabana rishamikiye ku mpinduka z’ihutirwa n’ibyemezo bitunguranye byafashwe na Perezida Donald J. Trump mu gihe gito amaze agarutse muri politiki ya Leta.
Nubwo Trump atari ku butegetsi muri White House, ibikorwa bye byo guhindura imiyoborere y’ishyaka ry’Abarepubulikani, gucengera mu miyoborere y’intara zitandukanye, ndetse n’imvugo y’ubucuruzi n’imisoro, byose byatumye ubukungu bw’Amerika busubira inyuma mu buryo butunguranye. Ibi bikaba byaratunguye benshi mu bahanga mu bukungu, abashoramari ndetse n’abaturage ubwabo.
Impinduka za Politiki zidasobanutse neza
Donald Trump, wabaye Perezida wa 45 wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hagati ya 2017 na 2021, yongeye kugaragara nk’umunyapolitiki ufite ijwi rikomeye muri politiki y’Amerika. Nyuma yo gutangaza ko aziyamamariza manda ya kabiri mu matora ya 2024, Trump yahise atangira gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse no gushyira igitutu ku bayobozi bo mu ishyaka rye kugira ngo bagarure “Trumpism”—imiyoborere ishingiye ku kwikunda, gukumira abanyamahanga, no kurwanya ibihugu bifitanye imikoranire na Amerika.
Izo mpinduka za politiki, harimo kongera amahoro ku misoro ku bikorera b’ingeri zose, kuvana Amerika mu masezerano mpuzamahanga, no kugabanya cyane inkunga kuri gahunda za Leta n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu, byose byakoze ku mfuruka z’ubukungu bw’igihugu. Abahanga bavuga ko guhindagura politiki mu buryo bwihuse, nko guhagarika inkunga ku mashuri ya tekinike, kugabanya inkunga kuri gahunda z’ubuzima rusange, no gushyiraho imisoro mishya ku bicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa, byaciye intege amasoko y’ishoramari ndetse bikadindiza urwego rw’ubucuruzi.
Isesengura ry’Inzego z’Ubukungu Zasubiye Inyuma
1. Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga
Ibikorwa byo kongera imisoro ku bicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa byatumye ibigo byinshi bikoresha ibikoresho byo hanze bihura n’igihombo gikabije. Ubushinwa bwahise busubizanya, na bwo bwongera imisoro ku bicuruzwa bikomoka muri Amerika. Ibi byatumye ibigo byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bihomba amafaranga atari make.
Ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwagabanyutse ku kigero cya 12% mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y’iyi gahunda ya Trump, ndetse ubucuruzi hagati ya Amerika n’Ubushinwa—bwahoze buyoboye isi—bwagabanutse ku kigero cya 22%. Ku ruhande rw’abaguzi, ibi byatumye ibiciro ku isoko bizamuka cyane ku bicuruzwa by’ibanze, bikagira ingaruka ku muturage usanzwe.
2. Isoko ry’Imari n’Amasoko y’Imigabane
Amasoko y’imigabane (stock markets) yahuye n’igihombo gikabije kubera gutinya ko iyi politiki nshya ya Trump izateza intambara z’ubukungu zishingiye ku misoro. Ibigo binini nka Apple, Tesla, ndetse na Boeing, byose byatangaje ko byiteguye kugabanya umusaruro bitewe n’izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibikoresho by’ibanze ndetse no kugabanuka k’amasoko yo hanze.
Indangururamajwi ya S&P 500 yagabanutseho 7.5% mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe gusa, ikaba ari imwe mu mpinduka z’ikirenga zagaragaye kuva mu gihe cy’icyorezo. Ibi byatumye abashoramari benshi bava ku isoko ry’Amerika bajya gushora imari mu bindi bihugu bifite politiki zidasubirwamo.
3. Ibidukikije n’Imishinga y’Ireme ry’ubuzima
Politiki nshya ya Trump yo gukuraho ingamba zo kurengera ibidukikije no kugabanya ingengo y’imari ijya mu rwego rw’ubuzima byagize ingaruka ku myumvire y’abaturage ku bijyanye n’iterambere rirambye. Gahunda nka Medicare n’inkunga ku baturage badafite ubushobozi bwo kwivuza zagabanyijweho miliyari 200 z’amadolari mu ngengo y’imari nshya yasabwe na Trump n’abagize inteko imitwe yombi ishyigikiye Repubulika.
Ibi byatumye imibereho y’abaturage bo mu cyiciro cy’iciriritse irushaho kuba mibi, bitera ubukungu kugabanuka kuko amafaranga menshi yaheraga mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi atakibashije kugera ku bacuruzi bato n’abaciriritse.
Ibitekerezo by’Abasesenguzi
Dr. Emily Rosario, impuguke mu bukungu akaba n’umwarimu muri Harvard University, yagize ati:
“Impinduka za politiki zidasobanutse zifite ingaruka ku bushake bw’abashoramari no ku mizero y’ubukungu. Ubu turi kubona isura nshya y’ubukungu bw’Amerika isubira inyuma kubera icyuho kiri hagati y’ibyemezo bya politiki n’icyifuzo cy’isoko.”
Abandi basesenguzi barimo n’abahoze mu nama ngishwanama y’ubukungu muri White House bavuze ko ibi bikorwa bishobora gutuma Amerika isubira ku kigero cy’izamuka ry’ubukungu rya munsi ya 1%, ikintu kitigeze kibaho kuva mu 2009.
Ingamba zifashwe n’Ibanki Nkuru ya Amerika (Federal Reserve)
Ibanki nkuru ya Amerika (Fed) yahise itangira kugabanya inyungu ku nguzanyo kugira ngo ihoshe ubukana bw’iri hungabana, ariko abasesenguzi bavuga ko bishobora kudahagije. Umuyobozi mukuru wa Fed, Jerome Powell, yavuze ko “kugarura icyizere ku isoko bisaba politiki zihamye, zidahindagurika uko bukeye n’uko bwije.”
Uko Abaturage Babyakira
Abaturage bo hirya no hino mu gihugu batangiye kugaragaza impungenge. Abaguzi basanzwe batangiye kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga, nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibarura ryakozwe n’ikigo Nielsen: ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga ku bicuruzwa bitari iby’ibanze ryagabanutseho 9% ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize.
Mike Henderson, umucuruzi wo muri Texas, yagize ati:
“Mu myaka ya Trump ya mbere twabonye impinduka zituma ubucuruzi buzamuka. Ariko ubu ndabona ibintu bihindutse—ntitukiri mu myaka ya ‘Make America Great Again’. Duhangayikishijwe n’ahazaza.”
Ingaruka ku Isi Yose
Amerika nk’ubukungu bwa mbere ku isi ifite uruhare runini mu mikorere y’ubukungu mpuzamahanga. Iyo isoko ryayo rihungabanye, bituma n’ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere bibura amasoko ndetse bikanahura n’izamuka ry’ibiciro.
Ibihugu byo muri Amerika y’Amajyepfo, Aziya ndetse na Afurika byatangiye gutakaza amahirwe yo kohereza ibicuruzwa muri Amerika, bikaba biri guhura n’igihombo mu musaruro wa kavukire. Ibi bikaba bishobora gutuma inzego z’iterambere mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere zibangamirwa mu buryo burambye.
Ingaruka mu Matora ya 2024
Iri hungabana rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku matora ya Perezida wa 2024. Nubwo Trump akomeje kugira igikundiro mu bayoboke be b’indahemuka, abatora batari abafana ba politiki ze bashobora kumuhungira bitewe n’ingaruka z’ibikorwa bye by’ubukungu.
Ibipimo bya Gallup byerekanye ko 61% by’Abanyamerika batishimiye uburyo Trump abona ubukungu, mu gihe 68% bemeza ko bashyigikiye politiki zihamye, zidahindagurika buri gihe.
Umusozo: Ahatuganisha Politiki n’Ubukungu
Nta gushidikanya ko politiki zikorwa n’abayobozi bakomeye nka Trump zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu, haba imbere mu gihugu ndetse no ku isi yose. Gusubira inyuma kw’ubukungu bwa Amerika byatewe n’impinduka z’ihutirwa, zidasobanutse kandi zishingiye ku nyungu z’igihe gito, bishobora gufatwa nk’isomo rikomeye ku bayobozi b’ahazaza.
Uko ibihe bigenda bihinduka, isoko ry’ubukungu rikeneye ibikorwa bifite umurongo, ibisobanuro byimbitse, n’impamvu z’ubuyobozi zishyigikira iterambere rirambye aho kugendera ku mahame y’ubwivumbure bwa politiki. Abaturage, abashoramari n’abayobozi bose barimo gusabwa gufata umwanya wo gusubiza amaso inyuma no kuganira ku cyerekezo igihugu kigomba gufata.
